Vascular Problems:

ý      Turbulent flow from carotis, ear BV, intra-cranial (aberant BV, vascular tu) such as the vertebro-basilar (pons and brainstem), or posterior cerebral artery (occipital lobes, temporo-parietal areas)

ý      Hypertension(?).

ý      Infarction or TIA - brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia.

Noise Hazards:

ý      Blast injuries,

ý      Prolonged exposure to noise, or recurrent exposures to noise.

Infections:

ý      Abscess

ý      Cerebral cerebellum

ý      Meningitis

ý      Ear infection

ý      systemic viral disease:

ý      Influenza

Immunologic:

(a)   Immunologic ear disease - e.g., MIDDLE EAR DISEASE (otoimmune otosclerosis, secretory otitis media, necrotizing otitis media, cholesteatoma); INNER EAR DISEASE (Autoimmune SN-Hearing loss, Meneire's disease, otoscclerosis, cochlear vasculitis, sudden hearing loss); RETRO-COCHLEAR (Autoimmmune CNS disease).

(b)   Collagen-induced ear diseases. (e.g., SN-hearing loss, vestbular dysfunction, spiral ganglion degeneration, atrophy of organ of corti, cochlear vasculitis, salpingitis and chondritis, otospongiosis-like lesion, endolymphatic hydrops).

(c)   Autoimmune disease affecting hearing. (relapsing polychondritis, SLE, disseminated vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's Syndrome, systemic sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Goodpastures's Syndrome,
Vogt-Koyanagi-harada Syndrome).

(d)    TMJ (Costen's Syndrome)

(e)   ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS (neuroma)

Other Neoplasms and Sols (usually in the auditory pathway.):

Other CNS Diseases:

ý      Hydrocephalus

ý      pseudotumor cerebri

ý      epilepsy

ý      migraine [aura]

ý      MS

ý      Dementia

Poisoning:

ý      Any neurotoxic drug poisoning

ý      Hallucinogens.
Drugs

ý      Iatrogenic radiotherapy

Traumatic:

(A) Mechanical trauma (associated with head injury, with or without accompanying fracture of the skull or temporal bones; cerebral anoxemia.)

(B) Radiation (associated with head exposure to microwave, x-rays or gamma radiation beyond the safety limits.)

ý      Decompression Sickness

ý      electrical trauma

ý      high altitude illness

ý      lightning trauma

Metabolic and Hormonal:

ý      Diabetes mellitus (iddm, niddm, latent dm)

ý      Hypothyroidism

ý      Hypoparathyroidism

ý      Renal insufficiency

ý      Menses and menopause

ý      Anemia

ý      Sickle cell disease

ý      Vitamin B12 deficiency

Inner Ear Fluid Problems:

Hydrops

Perilimph fistula

Prilimphatic hypertension

Psychiatric:

Anxiety or reactive depression as an associated factor

Geriatric:

Aging of the ear

Aging as a risk factor or combined with one or more of the above.

Others:

Auditory canal lipoma

Rare neurological diseases